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	\vspace{.5in} \begin{center}\Large  Pitch Detection and Singer Vibrato \end{center}\normalsize

\bibitem{ananthapadmanabha2}\normalsize T.\ V.\ Ananthapadmanabha and B.\ Yegnanarayana, {\normalsize ``Epoch Extraction from Linear Prediction Residual for Identification of Closed Glottis Interval," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 309-319, 1979.}

\bibitem{ananthapadmanabha}\normalsize T.\ V.\ Ananthapadmanabha and B.\ Yegnanarayana, {\normalsize ``Epoch Extraction of Voiced Speech," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 562-570, 1975.}

\bibitem{chengepoch}\normalsize Y.\ M.\ Cheng and D.\ O'Shaughnessy, {\normalsize ``Automatic and Reliable Estimation of Glottal Closure Instant and Period," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 1805-1815, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:deem}\normalsize  J.\ F.\ Deem, W.\ H.\ Manning, J.\ V.\ Knack and J.\ S.\ Matesich, {\normalsize ``The Automatic Extraction of Pitch Perturbation Using Microcomputers: Some Methodological Considerations," Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 32, pp. 689-697, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:hajiEGGperturb}\normalsize  T.\ Haji, S.\ Horiguchi, T.\ Baer and W.\ Gould, {\normalsize ``Frequency and Amplitude Perturbation Analysis of Electroglottograph During Sustained Phonation," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 58-62, 1986.}

\bibitem{rf:hessbook}\normalsize  W.\ Hess, {\normalsize \it Pitch Determination of Speech Signals. \rm Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1983.}

\bibitem{rf:kobayashi}\normalsize  T.\ Kobayashi and H.\ Sekine, {\normalsize ``Statistical Properties of Fluctuation of Pitch Intervals and its Modeling for Natural Synthetic Speech," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on  Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, S6a.8, pp. 321-324, Albuquerque, NM, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:mahervibrato}\normalsize  R.\ Maher and J.\ Beauchamp, {\normalsize ``An Investigation of Vocal Vibrato for Synthesis," Applied Acoustics, vol. 30, pp. 219-245, 1990.}

\bibitem{mcgonegalpitch}\normalsize  C.\ A.\ McGonegal, L.\ R.\ Rabiner and A.\ E.\ Rosenberg, {\normalsize ``A SemiAutomatic Pitch Detector (SAPD)," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 570-574, 1975.}

\bibitem{miller}\normalsize  R.\ L.\ Miller and E.\ S.\ Weibel, {\normalsize ``Measurements of the Fundamental Period of Speech Using a Delay Line,"  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 28, Abstract, 1956.}

\bibitem{rf:moorercomb}\normalsize  J.\ A.\ Moorer, {\normalsize ``The Optimum Comb Method of Pitch Period Analysis of Continuous Digitized Speech," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 330-338, 1974.}

\bibitem{prcdex:icmc89}\normalsize D.\ Morrill and P.\ R.\ Cook, {\normalsize ``Hardware, Software, and Compositional Tools for a Real-Time Improvised Solo Trumpet Work," Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference, pp. 211-214, Columbus, OH, 1989.}

\bibitem{ney}\normalsize  H.\ Ney, {\normalsize ``A Time Warping Approach to Fundamental Period Estimation," IEEE Trans., SMC-12, pp. 383-388 [8.3.3], 1982.}

\bibitem{rf:orlikoffbaken}\normalsize R.\ R.\ Orikoff and R.\ J.\ Baken, {\normalsize ``Fundamental Frequency Modulation of the Human Voice by the Heartbeat: Preliminary Results and Possible Mechanisms,"  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 888-893, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:rabinerpitch}\normalsize  L.\ R.\ Rabiner, M.\ J.\ Cheng, A.\ E.\ Rosenberg and C.\ A.\ McGonegal, {\normalsize ``A Comparative Performance Study of Several Pitch Detection Algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 399-418, 1976.}

\bibitem{rf:reidvibrato}\normalsize C.\ L.\ Reid, {\normalsize ``The Nature of Vibrato," Journal of Research in Singing, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 39-61, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:rifethesis}\normalsize  D.\ C.\ Rife, {\normalsize ``Digital Tone Parameter Estimation in the Presence of Goussian Noise," PhD dissertation, Polytechnical Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, 1973.}

\bibitem{rf:rifeboorstyn}\normalsize  D.\ C.\ Rife and R.\ R.\ Boorstyn, {\normalsize ``Single-Tone Parameter Estimation from Discrete-Time Observations," IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 591-598, 1974.}

\bibitem{rf:rosspitch}\normalsize  M.\ J.\ Ross, H.\ L.\ Shaffer, A.\ Cohen, R.\ Freudberg and H.\ J.\ Manley, {\normalsize ``Average Magnitude Difference Function Pitch Extractor," IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 353-362, 1974.}

\bibitem{rf:sondhipitch}\normalsize  M.\ M.\ Sondhi, {\normalsize ``New Methods of Pitch Extraction," IEEE Trans. on Audio and ElectroAcoustics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 262-266, 1968.}

\bibitem{rf:strubepitch}\normalsize H.\ W.\ Strube, {\normalsize ``Determination of the Instant of Glottal Closure From the Speech Wave," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1625-1629, 1974.}

\bibitem{rf:ternstromfriberg}\normalsize S.\ Ternstr$\ddot{\mbox{o}}$m and A.\ Friberg,
{\normalsize ``Analysis and Simulation of Small Variations in the Fundamental Frequency of Sustained Vowels," Quarterly Report of the Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, no. 3, pp. 1-14, 1989.}

	\vspace{.5in} \begin{center}\Large  Airflow and Noise in Vocal Signals \end{center}\normalsize

\bibitem{rf:badinfricatives}\normalsize P.\ Badin, {\normalsize ``Acoustics of Voiceless Fricatives: Production Theory and Data," Quarterly Report of the Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, no. 3, pp. 33-55, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:blake}\normalsize W.\ K.\ Blake, {\normalsize \it Mechanics of Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration, Volume 1: General Concepts and Elementary Sources. \rm New York: Academic Press, 1986.}

\bibitem{rf:blake2}\normalsize W.\ K.\ Blake, {\normalsize \it Mechanics of Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration, Volume 2: Complex Flow-Structure Interactions. \rm New York: Academic Press, 1986.}

\bibitem{rf:brownmargolisshah}\normalsize F.\ T.\ Brown, D.\ L.\ Margolis and R.\ P.\ Shah, {\normalsize ``Small-Amplitude Frequency Behavior of Fluid Lines With Turbulent Flow," Transactions of the ASME, vol. 91D, pp. 678-693, 1969.}

\bibitem{rf:cavagnamargaria}\normalsize  G.\ A.\ Cavagna and R.\ Margaria, {\normalsize ``Airflow Rates and Efficiency Changes During Phonation," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 155, Article 1, Special Issue - Sound Production in Man, pp. 152-164, Nov. 1968.}

\bibitem{rf:chafegrenoble}\normalsize  C.\ D.\ Chafe, {\normalsize ``Pulsed Noise and Microtransients in Physical Models of Musical Instruments," Colloque les Mod$\grave{\mbox{e}}$les Physiques Dans L'Analyse, la Production et la Cr$\acute{\mbox{e}}$ation Sonore, ACROE, Grenoble, 1990, publication expected 1991.}

\bibitem{rf:ccicassp90}\normalsize  C.\ D.\ Chafe, {\normalsize ``Pulsed Noise in Self-Sustained Oscillations of Musical Instruments," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on  Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, A1.17, pp. 1157-1160, Albuquerque, NM, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:cookicmc90}\normalsize  P.\ R.\ Cook, C.\ D.\ Chafe and J.\ O.\ Smith, {\normalsize ``Pulsed Noise in Musical Systems, Techniques for Extraction, Analysis, and Visualization," Proc. of the International Computer Music Conference, pp. 63-65, Glasgow, Scotland, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:coxHNRcomputation}\normalsize N.\ B.\ Cox, M.\ R.\ Ito and M.\ D.\ Morrison, {\normalsize ``Technical Considerations in Computation of Spectral Harmonics-to-Noise Ratios For Sustained Vowels," Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 32, pp. 203-218, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:gerrattdiplo}\normalsize B.\ R.\ Gerratt, K.\ Precoda, D.\ G.\ Hanson and G.\ S.\ Berke, {\normalsize ``Source Characteristics of Diplophonia," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 83, S66, 1988.}

\bibitem{rf:heinzstevens}\normalsize J.\ M.\ Heinz and K.\ N.\ Stevens, {\normalsize ``On the Properties of Voiceless Fricative Consonants," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 33, pp. 589-596, 1961.}

\bibitem{rf:hillenbrandnoise}\normalsize J.\ Hillenbrand, {\normalsize ``A Methodological Study of Perturbation and Additive Noise in Synthetically Generated Voice Signals," Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 30, pp. 448-461, 1987.}

\bibitem{rf:hirschberg}\normalsize A.\ Hirschberg, {\normalsize ``Some Fluid Dynamics Aspects of Speech," Fourth Colloquium Signaalanalyse en Spraak, COLSAS, Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek, Eindhoven, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:hirschbergreed}\normalsize A.\ Hirschberg, R.\ W.\ A. van de Laar, J.\ P.\ Marrou-Mauri$\grave{\mbox{e}}$res, A.\ P.\ J.\ Wijnands, H.\ J.\ Dane, S.\ G.\ Kruijswijk, and A.\ J.\ M.\ Houtsma, {\normalsize ``A Quasi-Stationary Model of Air Flow in the Reed Channel of Single-Reed Woodwind Instruments," Acustica, vol. 70, pp. 146-154, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:holmberghillmanperkell}\normalsize E.\ B.\ Holmberg, R.\ E.\ Hillman and J.\ S.\ Perkell, {\normalsize ``Glottal Airflow and Transglottal Air Pressure Measurements for Male and Female Speakers in Soft, Normal, and Loud Voice," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 511-529, 1988.}

\bibitem{rf:iijimamikinagai}\normalsize  H.\ Iijima, N.\ Miki, and N.\ Nagai, {\normalsize ``Viscous Flow Analyses of the Glottal Model Using a Finite Element Method," The Second Joint Meeting of the ASA and ASJ, NN10, 1988.}

\bibitem{rf:kaiserObservations}\normalsize J.\ F.\ Kaiser, {\normalsize ``Some Observations on Vocal Tract Operation from a Fluid Flow Point of View," Conference on Physiology and Biophysics of Voice, Iowa City, IA, 1983.}

\bibitem{rf:kasuyaNNE}\normalsize H.\ Kasuya, S.\ Ogawa, K.\ Mashima and S.\ Ebihara, {\normalsize ``Normalized Noise Energy as an Acoustic Measure to Evaluate Pathologic Voice," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 1329-1334, 1986.}

\bibitem{rf:kingstonthesis}\normalsize G.\ C.\ Kingston, {\normalsize ``Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Pulsating Turbulent Flow," PhD Dissertation, Clarkson College of Technology, 1975.}

\bibitem{rf:kiokehirano}\normalsize Y.\ Kioke and M.\ Hirano, {\normalsize ``Glottal-Area Time Function and Subglottal-Pressure Variation," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1618-1627, 1973.}

\bibitem{rf:mutahoarseness}\normalsize H.\ Muta, T.\ Baer, K.\ Wagatsuma, T.\ Muraoka and H.\ Fukuda, {\normalsize ``A Pitch-Synchronous Analysis of Hoarseness in Running Speech," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 1292-1301, 1988.}

\bibitem{rf:pintoperturb}\normalsize N.\ B.\ Pinto and I.\ R.\ Titze, {\normalsize ``Unification of Perturbation Measures in Speech Signals," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1278-1289, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:rubinetal}\normalsize H.\ J.\ Rubin, M.\ LeCover and W.\ Vennard, {\normalsize ``Vocal Intensity, Subglottic Pressure and Air Flow Relationships in Singers," Folia Phoniatrica, vol. 19, pp. 393-413, 1967.}

\bibitem{rf:solomonwhisper}\normalsize N.\ P.\ Solomon, G.\ N.\ McCall, M.\ W.\ Trosset and W.\ C.\ Gray, {\normalsize ``Laryngeal Configuration and Constriction During Two Types of Whispering," Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 32, pp. 161-174, 1989.}

\bibitem{rf:streeter}\normalsize V.\ L.\ Streeter, {\normalsize \it Fluid Dynamics. \rm New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 1948.}

\bibitem{rf:teagerASSP}\normalsize H.\ M.\ Teager, {\normalsize ``Some Observations on Oral Air Flow During Phonation," IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 599-601, 1980.}

\bibitem{rf:teagerPhen}\normalsize H.\ M.\ Teager and S.\ M.\ Teager, {\normalsize ``A Phenomenological Model for Vowel Production in the Vocal Tract," in R. G. Daniloff Ed., \it Speech Science - Recent Advances\rm, San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press, 1985.}

\bibitem{rf:rtsccicassp90}\normalsize  R.\ T.\ Schumacher and C.\ D.\ Chafe, {\normalsize ``Characterization of Aperiodicity in Nearly Periodic Signals," Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on  Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, A1.18, pp. 1161-1164, Albuquerque, NM, 1990.}

\bibitem{rf:shadlethesis}\normalsize C.\ H.\ Shadle, {\normalsize ``The Acoustics of Fricative Consonants," PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, 1985.}

\bibitem{rf:yumotohoarseness}\normalsize E.\ Yumoto, W.\ Gould and T.\ Baer, {\normalsize ``Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio as an Index of the Degree of Hoarseness," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1544-1550, 1982.}

\bibitem{rf:yumotohoarseness2}\normalsize E.\ Yumoto, Y.\ Sasaki and H.\ Okamura, {\normalsize ``Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio and Psychophysical Measurement of the Degree of Hoarseness," Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 27, pp. 2-6, 1984.}


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