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paperh18648 margl-907 margr0 margt0 margb0 fi0 ri0 ql sb0 f1 fs24 Copyright f3 'e3f1 1994 by NeXT Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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fs36 NSApplication
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fs28 f0 b fs24 Inherits From:tab b0 fs28 f1 NSResponder : NSObject
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fs28 s6 f0 b fs24 Conforms To:tab b0 fs28 f1 NSCoding (NSResponder)
fi0 NSObject (NSObject)
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fs28 s7 fi-2771 f0 b fs24 Declared In:tab b0 fs28 f1 AppKit/NSApplication.h
fi0 AppKit/NSColorPanel.h
fi0 AppKit/NSDataLinkPanel.h
fi0 AppKit/NSHelpPanel.h
fi0 AppKit/NSPageLayout.h
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fs28 Class Description
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fs28 The NSApplication class provides the central framework of your application'27s execution. Every application must have exactly one instance of NSApplication (or of a custom subclass of NSApplication). Your program'27s b main()b0 function should create this instance by calling the b sharedApplicationb0 class method. (Alternatively, you could use b allocb0 and b initb0 , making sure they'27re called only once.) After creating the NSApplication, the b main()b0 function should load your application'27s main nib file, and then start the event loop by sending the NSApplication a b runb0 message. Here'27s an example of a typical OpenStep b main()b0 function in its entirety:
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fs28 pard s5 li1231 fi0 ri1007 ql f2 fs20 void main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
NSApplication *app = [NSApplication sharedApplication];
[NSBundle loadNibNamed:@"myMain" owner:app];
tab [app run];
}
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fs28 Creating the NSApplication object connects the program to the window system and the Display PostScript server, and initializes its PostScript environment. The NSApplication object maintains a list of all the NSWindows that the application uses, so it can retrieve any of the application'27s NSViews.
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fs28 The NSApplication object'27s main task is to receive events from the window system and distribute them to the proper NSResponders. The NSApplication translates an event into an NSEvent object, then forwards the NSEvent to the affected NSWindow object. A key-down event that occurs while the Command key is pressed results in a b commandKey:b0 message, and every NSWindow has an opportunity to respond to it. Other keyboard and mouse events are sent to the NSWindow associated with the event; the NSWindow then distributes these NSEvents to the objects in its view hierarchy.
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fs28 In general, it'27s neater and cleaner to separate the code that embodies your program'27s functionality into a number of custom objects. Usually those custom objects are subclasses of NSObject. Methods defined in your custom objects can be invoked from a small dispatcher object without being closely tied to the NSApplication object. It'27s rarely necessary to create a custom subclass of NSApplication. You will need to do so only if you need to provide your own special response to messages that are routinely sent to the NSApplication object. To use a custom subclass of NSApplication, simply substitute it for NSApplication in the b main() b0 function above.
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fs28 When you create an instance of NSApplication (or of a custom subclass of NSApplication), it gets stored as the global variable NSApp. Although this global variable isn'27t used in the example b main()b0 function above, you might find it convenient to refer to NSApp within the source code for your application'27s custom objects. Note that you can also retrieve the NSApplication object by invoking b sharedApplicationb0 .
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fs28 The NSApplication class sets up autorelease pools during initialization and during the event loop'd0that is, within its b initb0 (or b sharedApplicationb0 ) and b runb0 methods. Similarly, the methods that the Application Kit adds to NSBundle employ autorelease pools during the loading of nib files. The autorelease pools aren'27t accessible outside the scope of the respective NSApplication and NSBundle methods. This isn'27t usually a problem, because a typical OpenStep application instantiates its objects by loading nib files (and by having the objects from the nib file create other objects during initialization and during the event loop). However, if you do need to use OpenStep classes within the b main()b0 function itself (other than to invoke the methods just mentioned), you should instantiate an autorelease pool before using the classes, and then release the pool once you'27re done. For more information, see the description of the NSAutoreleasePool class in the Foundation Kit.
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fs24 The Delegate and Observers
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fs28 The NSApplication object can be assigned a delegate that responds on behalf of the NSApplication to certain messages addressed to the NSApplication object. Some of these messages, such as b application:openFile:withType:b0 , ask the delegate to open a file. Another message, b applicationShouldTerminate:b0 , lets the delegate determine whether the application should be allowed to quit.
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fs28 An NSApplication can also have i observersi0 . Observers receive notifications of changes in the NSApplication, but they don'27t have the unique responsibility that a delegate has. Any instance of a class that implements an observer method can register to receive the corresponding notification. For example, if a class implements b applicationDidFinishLaunching:b0 and registers to receive the corresponding notification, instances of this class are given an opportunity to react after the NSApplication has been initialized. (The observer methods are listed later in this class specification. For information about how to register to receive notifications, see the class specification for the Foundation Kit'27s NSNotificationCenter class.)
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fs28 There can be only one delegate, but there can be many observers. The delegate itself can be an observer'd0in fact, in many applications the delegate might be the only observer. Whereas most observers need to explicitly register with an NSNotificationCenter before they can receive a particular notification message, the delegate need only implement the method. By simply implementing an observer method, the NSApplication'27s delegate is automatically registered to receive the corresponding notification.
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fs28 Creating and Initializing the NSApplication
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fs28 fi-6552 + (NSApplication *)b sharedApplicationb0 tab Returns the NSApplication instance, creating it if it doesn'27t yet exist.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b finishLaunchingb0 tab Activates the application, opens any files specified by the 'aaNSOpen'ba user default, and unhighlights the application'27s icon in the Workspace Manager. This method is invoked by b run b0 before it starts the event loop. When this method begins, it posts the notification NSApplicationWillFinishLaunchingNotification with the receiving object to the default notification center. When it successfully completes, it posts the notification NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification. If you override b finishLaunchingb0 , the subclass method should invoke the superclass method.
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fs28 Changing the Active Application
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b activateIgnoringOtherApps:b0 (BOOL)i flagi0 tab Makes this the active application. If i flagi0 is NO, the application is activated only if no other application is currently active.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b deactivateb0 tab Deactivates the application.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b isActiveb0 tab Returns whether this is the active application.
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fs28 Running the Event Loop
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b abortModalb0 tab Aborts the event loop started byb runModalForWindow:b0 .
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSModalSession)b beginModalSessionForWindow:b0 (NSWindow *)i theWindow
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sets up a modal session with i theWindowi0 .
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b endModalSession:b0 (NSModalSession)i session
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Finishes a modal session.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b isRunningb0 tab Returns whether the main event loop is running.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b runb0 tab Starts the main event loop.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (int)b runModalForWindow:b0 (NSWindow *)i theWindow
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Starts a modal event loop for i theWindowi0 .
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (int)b runModalSession:b0 (NSModalSession)i session
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Runs a modal session.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b sendEvent:b0 (NSEvent *)i theEventi0 tab Dispatches events to other objects. When sending the activate application event, this method posts the notifications NSApplicationWillBecomeActive and NSApplicationDidBecomeActive with the receiving object to the default notification center. When sending the deactivate application event, it posts the NSApplicationWillResignActiveNotification and NSApplicationDidResignActiveNotification notifications with the receiving object to the default notification center.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b stop:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Stops the main event loop.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b stopModalb0 tab Stops the modal event loop.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b stopModalWithCode:b0 (int)i returnCodei0 tab Stops the event loop started by b runModalForWindow:b0 and sets the code that b runModalForWindow:b0 will return.
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fs28 Getting, Removing, and Posting Events
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSEvent *)b currentEventb0 tab Returns the current event.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b discardEventsMatchingMask:b0 (unsigned int)i maski0
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 b beforeEvent:b0 (NSEvent *)i lastEventi0 tab Removes from the event queue all events matching i maski0 that were generated before i lastEvent.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSEvent *)b nextEventMatchingMask:b0 (unsigned int)i mask
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 b untilDate:b0 (NSDate *)i expirationi0 tab Returns the next event matching i maski0 , or b nilb0 if
b inMode:b0 (NSString *)i modei0 tab tab no such event is found before the i expirationi0 date. If i flag
i0 b dequeue:b0 (BOOL)i flagi0 ;tab tab is YES, the event is removed from the queue. The i mode i0 argument names an NSRunLoop mode that determines what other ports are listened to and what timers may fire while the NSApplication is waiting for the event.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b postEvent:b0 (NSEvent *)i eventi0 b atStart:b0 (BOOL)i flag
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Adds i eventi0 to the beginning of the application'27s event queue if i flag i0 is YES, and to the end otherwise.
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fs28 Sending Action Messages
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b sendAction:b0 (SEL)i aSelectori0 tab Sends an action message to i aTargeti0 or up the responder
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 b to:b0 (id)i aTargeti0 tab tab chain.
b from:b0 (id)i sender
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (id)b targetForAction:b0 (SEL)i aSelectortab i0 Returns the object that receives the action message i aSelectori0 .
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b tryToPerform:b0 (SEL)i aSelectori0 tab Attempts to send a message to the application or the
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 b with:b0 (id)i anObjecti0 tab tab delegate.
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fs28 Setting the Application'27s Icon
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b setApplicationIconImage:b0 (NSImage *)i anImage
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sets the application'27s icon to i anImage.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSImage *)b applicationIconImagetab b0 Returns the NSImage used for the application'27s icon.
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fs28 Hiding All Windows
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b hide:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Hides all the application'27s windows. When this method begins, it posts the notification NSApplicationWillHideNotification with the receiving object to the default notification center. When it completes successfully, it posts the notification NSApplicationDidHideNotification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b isHiddenb0 tab Returns YES if windows are hidden.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b unhide:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Restores hidden windows to the screen.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b unhideWithoutActivationb0 tab Restores hidden windows without activating their owner. When this method begins, it posts the notification NSApplicationWillUnhideNotification with the receiving object to the default notification center. When it completes successfully, it posts the notification NSApplicationDidUnhideNotification.
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fs28 Managing Windows
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSWindow *)b keyWindowb0 tab Returns the key window.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSWindow *)b mainWindowb0 tab Returns the main window.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSWindow *)b makeWindowsPerform:b0 (SEL)i aSelector
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 b inOrder:b0 (BOOL)i flagi0 tab Sends the i aSelectori0 message to the application'27s NSWindows'd0in front-to-back order if i flag i0 is YES, otherwise in the order of the array that the b windows b0 method returns.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b miniaturizeAll:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Miniaturizes all the receiver'27s application windows.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b preventWindowOrderingb0 tab Suppresses the usual window ordering in handling the most recent mouse-down event.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b setWindowsNeedUpdate:b0 (BOOL)flagtab Sets whether the application'27s windows need updating when the application has finished processing the current event. This method is especially useful for making sure menus are updated to reflect changes not initiated by user actions.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b updateWindowsb0 tab Sends anb updateb0 message to on-screen NSWindows. When this method begins, it sends the notification NSApplicationWillUpdateNotification with the receiving object to the default notification center. When it successfully completes, it sends the notification NSApplicationDidUpdateNotification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSArray *)b windowsb0 tab Returns an array of the application'27s NSWindows.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSWindow *)b windowWithWindowNumber:b0 (int)i windowNum
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Returns the NSWindow object corresponding to i windowNumi0 .
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fs28 Showing Standard Panels
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b orderFrontColorPanel:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Brings up the color panel.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b orderFrontDataLinkPanel:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Shows the shared instance of the data link panel, creating it first if necessary.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b orderFrontHelpPanel:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Shows the application'27s help panel or the default one.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b runPageLayout:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Runs the application'27s page layout panel.
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fs28 Getting the Main Menu
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSMenu *)b mainMenub0 tab Returns the b idb0 of the application'27s main menu.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b setMainMenu:b0 (NSMenu *)i aMenui0 tab Makes i aMenui0 the application'27s main menu.
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fs28 Managing the Windows Menu
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b addWindowsItem:b0 (id)i aWindowtab i0 Adds a Windows menu item for i aWindowi0 .
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i0 b filename:b0 (BOOL)i isFilename
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b arrangeInFront:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Orders all registered NSWindows to the front.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b changeWindowsItem:b0 (id)i aWindowtab i0 Changes the Windows menu item for i aWindowi0 .
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i0 b filename:b0 (BOOL)i isFilename
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -}(void)b removeWindowsItem:b0 (id)i aWindowi0 tab Removes the Windows menu item for i aWindow.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b setWindowsMenu:b0 (id)i aMenui0 tab Sets the Windows menu.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b updateWindowsItem:b0 (id)i aWindowi0 tab Updates the Windows menu item for i aWindowi0 .
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSMenu *)b windowsMenub0 tab Returns the Windows menu.
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fs28 Managing the Services menu
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b registerServicesMenuSendTypes:b0 (NSArray *)i sendTypes
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 b returnTypes:b0 (NSArray *)i returnTypesi0 tab Registers pasteboard types the application can send and receive.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSMenu *)b servicesMenub0 tab Returns the Services menu.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b setServicesMenu:b0 (NSMenu *)i aMenui0 tab Sets the Services menu.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (id)b validRequestorForSendType:b0 (NSString *)i sendType
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 b returnType:b0 (NSString *)i returnTypei0 tab Indicates whether the NSApplication can send and receive the specified types.
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fs28 Getting the Display PostScript Context
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (NSDPSContext *)b contextb0 tab Returns the NSApplication'27s Display PostScript context.
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fs28 Reporting an Exception
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b reportException:b0 (NSException *)i anException
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Logs the given exception by calling b NSLog()b0 .
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fs28 Terminating the Application
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b terminate:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Frees the NSApplication object and exits the application.
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fs28 Assigning a Delegate
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (id)b delegateb0 tab Returns the NSApplication'27s delegate.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b setDelegate:b0 (id)i anObjecti0 tab Makes i anObjecti0 the NSApplication'27s delegate.
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fs28 Implemented by the Delegate
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b application:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Sent directly by i senderi0 to the delegate. Opens the specified
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 b openFileWithoutUI:b0 (NSString *)i filenamei0 tab tab file to run without a user interface.Work with the file will be under programmatic control of i senderi0 , rather than under keyboard control of the user. Returns YES or NO to indicate whether the file was successfully opened
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b application:b0 (NSApplication *)i applicationi0 tab Sent directly by i applicationi0 to the delegate. Like
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 b openFile:b0 (NSString *)i filenamei0 tab tab b application:openFileWithoutUI:b0 , but brings up the user interface of the file'27s application.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b application:b0 (NSApplication *)i applicationi0 tab Sent directly by i applicationi0 to the delegate. Like
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 b openTempFile:b0 (NSString *)i filenamei0 tab tab b application:openFile:b0 , but a file opened through this method is assumed to be temporary; it'27s the
tab tab application's responsibility to remove the file at the appropriate time.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationDidBecomeActive:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationDidBecomeActiveNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationDidFinishLaunching:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationDidHide:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationDidHideNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationDidResignActive:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationDidResignActiveNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationDidUnhide:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationDidUnhideNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationDidUpdate:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationDidUpdateNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b applicationOpenUntitledFile:b0 (NSApplication *)i application
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent directly by i applicationi0 to the delegate. Like b application:openFile:b0 , but opens a new, untitled document.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (BOOL)b applicationShouldTerminate:b0 (id)i senderi0 tab Sent directly by i senderi0 to the delegate. Returns YES if the application should terminate.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationWillBecomeActive:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationWillBecomeActiveNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive this notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationWillFinishLaunching:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationWillFinishLaunchingNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive this notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationWillHide:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationWillHideNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive this notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationWillResignActive:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationWillResignActiveNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive this notification.
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fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationWillUnhide:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationWillUnhideNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive the notification.
s8 li7029 fi-5794 fi-6552 fs16
fs28 fi-6552 {f3 -} (void)b applicationWillUpdate:b0 (NSNotification *)i aNotification
s9 li7030 fi-6553 fi-5796 i0 tab Sent by the default notification center to the delegate; i aNotificationi0 is always NSApplicationWillUpdateNotification. If the delegate implements this method, it'27s automatically registered to receive this notification.
}These are the contents of the former NiCE NeXT User Group NeXTSTEP/OpenStep software archive, currently hosted by Netfuture.ch.