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Release 2.0 Copyright ©1991 by NeXT Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Chapter 1: A Visual Guide to the User Interface 9 An Application's Windows 9 Standard Windows 10 Panels 11 Menus 11 Miniwindows 12 Application Icons 13 Controls 13 Buttons 14 Text Fields 15 Sliders 15 Color Wells 15 Scrollers 16 Browsers and Selection Lists 17 Chapter 2: Designing NeXTstep Applications 17 Design Philsophy 18 Basic Principles 18 Consistency 18 User Control 19 Naturalness 19 Using the Mouse 20 Action Paradigms 20 Direct Manipulation 21 Targeted Action 21 Modal Tool 22 Extensions 23 Testing User Interfaces 23 References 24 Designing Your Application 24 Providing a Default Document 25 Uneditable Documents 25 Choosing How Functionality Is Accessed 25 Making a Click Unnecessary 27 Chapter 3: User Actions: The Keyboard and Mouse 28 How the Keyboard and Mouse Work 28 The Keyboard 28 Modifier Keys 29 Keyboard Alternatives 30 The Mouse 31 Clicking 31 Multiple-Clicking 31 Dragging 32 Pressing 32 Mouse Responsiveness 32 Left and Right Orientation 33 Selection 33 Dragging to Select 34 Clicking to Select 34 Multiple-Clicking to Select 34 Extending the Selection 34 Continuous Extension 35 Discontinuous Extension 36 How the Arrow Keys Affect a Text Selection 37 Implementing Special Keys 37 Special Character Keys 37 Handling Arrow Characters 38 Special Command-Key Combinations 38 Choosing Keyboard Alternatives 39 Reserved Keyboard Alternatives 39 Required Keyboard Alternatives 40 Recommended Keyboard Alternatives 40 Creating Application-Specific Keyboard Alternatives 41 Choosing the Character 42 Using the Alternate Key 42 Determining the Action that Is Performed 43 Implementing Mouse Actions 43 Reacting to Clicking 43 The First Click in a Window 44 When to Act on a Double-Click Instead of a Single Click 45 When to Use Multiple-Clicking 45 Dragging from a Multiple-Click 46 How to Use Dragging 46 Moving an Object 46 Defining a Range 47 Sliding from Object to Object 47 When to Use Pressing 48 Using Modifier Keys with the Mouse 49 Managing the Cursor 49 Changing the Cursor 49 Hiding the Cursor 50 Implementing Selection 50 When Discontinuous Selection Isn't Implemented 50 The Range that Dragging Should Select 51 Implementing the Modified Arrow Keys 51 Control-Arrow Combinations 51 Shift-Arrow Combinations 52 Alternate-Arrow Combinations 52 Other Arrow Key Combinations 53 Chapter 4: The Window Interface to Applications 54 How Windows Work 54 Window Order 56 Window Behavior 57 Reordering 57 Moving 58 Resizing 59 Closing 59 Miniaturizing 60 Hiding and Retrieving Windows 60 Application and Window Status 61 The Active Application 61 Application Activation 62 Application Deactivation 63 The Key Window 64 The Main Window 65 How Windows Become Key Window and Main Window 66 In the Active Application 66 When an Application Is Activated 66 The Results of Clicking in a Window 68 Implementing Standard Windows 68 Choosing a Title 68 Implementing the Resize Bar 69 Implementing the Miniaturize Button 69 Implementing the Close Button 71 Implementing Window and Application Status 71 Choosing the Key Window 71 Activating an Application 73 Chapter 5: Panels 74 How Panels Work 74 Ordinary Panels 74 Attention Panels 76 Implementing Ordinary Panels 76 Window Considerations 76 The Close Button 76 The Miniaturize Button 76 The Resize Bar 76 Becoming the Key Window 77 Relinquishing Key Window Status 77 Exceptions to Ordinary Panel Behavior 77 Persisting Panels 78 Floating Panels 78 Panels with Variable Contents 79 Multiform Panels 79 Inspector Panels 81 Implementing Attention Panels 81 Naming an Attention Panel 82 The Default Option in an Attention Panel 82 Dismissing an Attention Panel 82 Naming Buttons in an Attention Panel 83 Optional Explanations in an Attention Panel 84 Standard Panels 84 The Close Panel 84 The Find Panel 85 The Info Panel 86 The Preferences Panel 87 The Quit Panel 88 Panels Provided by the Application Kit 88 The Colors Panel 89 The Font Panel 90 The Open Panel 90 The Page Layout Panel 91 The Print Panel 92 The Save Panel 92 The Spelling Panel 95 Chapter 6: Menus 96 How Menus Work 97 The Main Menu 97 Bringing the Main Menu to the Cursor 97 Submenus 98 Keeping a Submenu Attached 98 Tearing Off an Attached Submenu 99 Removing a Submenu from the Screen 99 Commands 101 Implementing Menus 101 Designing the Menu Hierarchy 102 Choosing Command Names 102 Commands that Perform Actions 102 Commands that Bring Up Panels 103 Commands that Bring Up Submenus 104 Commands that Bring Up Standard Windows 104 Sample Command Names 104 Disabling Invalid Commands 105 Graphical Devices in Menu Commands 106 Standard Menus and Commands 106 The Main Menu 107 Adding to the Main Menu 109 The Info Menu 110 The Document Menu 112 The Edit Menu 113 The Paste As Menu 113 Spell Checking 115 The Find Menu 116 The Format Menu 117 The Font Menu 119 The Text Menu 120 The Windows Menu 122 The Services Menu 122 Providing Services 124 Adding a Tools Menu 125 Chapter 7: Controls 127 Buttons 127 How Buttons Work 128 Buttons that Bring Up Lists 128 Pop-Up Lists 129 Pull-Down Lists 129 Implementing Buttons 129 Choosing the Button's Result 130 Choosing the Button's Image or Label 131 Pop-Up Lists 131 Changing the Button's Appearance During a Click 133 Text Fields 135 Sliders 136 Color Wells 137 Scrollers 138 How Scrollers Work 138 The Knob and Bar 139 The Scroll Buttons 139 Automatic Scrolling 140 Fine Tuning Mode 140 Implementing Scrollers 142 Browsers and Selection Lists 143 Choosing the Appropriate Control 143 Controls that Start Actions 144 Controls that Show State 144 Displaying a Single Option 144 Displaying a Group with an Unrestricted Relationship 145 Displaying a Group with a One-of-Many Relationship 147 Chapter 8: Conventions for Graphic Design 147 Laying Out Windows and Panels 148 Window Size 148 Arranging Pop-Up Lists 148 Placing Windows 148 Displaying Text 149 Displaying File Names 149 Designing Images 150 Application Icons 151 Chapter 9: The Interface to the File System 151 How the File System Is Organized 152 Home Folders 152 NeXT Folders 153 Local and Personal Folders 153 Net 154 Paths 154 File Name Extensions 155 Using Paths 155 Using File Name Extensions 156 Using File Packages 156 Creating Unrequested Files and Folders
These are the contents of the former NiCE NeXT User Group NeXTSTEP/OpenStep software archive, currently hosted by Netfuture.ch.